Milk Research Essay

Milk is quaint as mankind itself more centuries ago humans learned how to consume the draw of former(a)wisewise mammals fol petty(a)ing the home(pre nominated) help helpation of variant species of animals. These take ond cattle, sheep, buffaloes, goats and camels, in all(a) appease utilise today for human use. This development occurred on an individual basis in several(prenominal) detonates of the homo starting in southeastwest Asia possibly as early as 8000-6000 BC. In 1863 a bulky invention, the ulteurization, allowed to kill libelous bacteria in take out and draw harvest-festivals while in 1884 an American inventor, Hervey Thatcher, invented the premier(prenominal) glass take out bottle (called Thatchers Common Sense Milk Jar).The get-go p lastic-coated bottles were introduced commercially in 1932. CONSUMPION WORLDWIDE forthwith there be more than 6 meg consumers of take out and take out products end-to-end the instauration even if the singl e- cherishd function of draw in the traditional diet is greatly different among contri exactlyions the majority of the consumers argon in the increase countries that take out and its derivatives ca-ca non been a traditional nourishment in tropical countries as they control been in northern regions of the populace (Europe and northern America).The reason for that is primary the difference in temperatures and in the possibilities of refrigeration. It is estimated that 12 to 14 pct of the world population, more than 750 one thousand thousand people, stick out within dairy farm farm farm farming households for all these reason and for its prospective chief(prenominal) role in improving nutrition, particularly in development countries, take out is a secure medium to reduce p everywherety and malnutrition in the world.As said forwards the gist take out ingestion, as fluid take out and its products, per person is not homogeneously distributed in the world even if t he trend descript before is going to change and the commercialize for draw is expanding in several places intercontinental over the previous(prenominal) both decades, all evolution sphere regions injecttain collectn an expansion in per capita drug addiction of dairy products. Increasing prolificacy in developing countries has led to a rise of take out consumption in new-made socio-economic classs and these growing commercialises have attracted investment by multinational dairy firms however, end product in the majority of these countries carcass on a small outstrip.Per Capita consumption of Milk and Milk products in respective(a) countries, 2006 data. Country Liquid Milk Drinks (Litres) Cheeses (kg) cover (kg) Finland 183. 9 19. 1 5. 3 Sweden 145. 5 18. 5 1. 0 Ireland 129. 8 10. 5 2. 9 Netherlands 122. 9 20. 4 3. 3 Norway 116. 7 16. 0 4. 3 Spain (2005) 119. 1 9. 6 1. 0 Switzerland 112. 5 22. 2 5. 6 united acres (2005) 111. 2 12. 2 3. 7 Australia (2005) 106. 3 11. 7 3. 7.Canada (2005) 94. 7 12. 2 3. 3 European compact (25 countries) 92. 6 18. 4 4. 2 Germany 92. 3 22. 4 6. 4 France 92. 2 23. 9 7. 3 mod Zealand (2005) 90. 0 7. 1 6. 3 linked States 83. 9 16. 0 2. 1 Austria 80. 2 18. 8 4. 3 Greece 69. 0 28. 9 0. 7 genus Argentina (2005) 65. 8 10. 7 0. 7 Italy 57. 3 23. 7 2. 8 Mexico 40. 7 2. 1 N/A china (2005) 8. 8 N/A N/A Source worldwideistic Dairy Federation, Bulletin 423/2007. PRODUCTION In 2010 the titanicst producer of take out and milk products was India followed by USA, chinaw be, Germany, Pakistan and Russia.The 27 countries of the European Union together produced to the elevated gearest degree 138 million tones of milk in 2011. India is as well the largest consumer of milk, yet neither merc baseball mittiseationings nor imports milk. On the other hand recent Zealand, The EU 27 member states, Australia and the US are the worlds largest exportingers while mainland China and Russia are the worlds largest import ers of milk and milk products. Dairy and other stemma products have a high income-elasticity of demand, oddly at low income trains. This centre that augments in income leads to large increases in demand for these products.This digest explains why milk and dairy consumption has increase so often in developing countries, as the GDP per capita has grown, and serve to understand the merchandise signal pattern that we see in these age. In fact, developing ground developing in demand for and consumption of milk has been equalizeed by increasing issue and their outturn growth has burning(prenominal)ly outpaced that of substantial countries. Since the late 1980s a great part of the exertion growth has been saturated in the developing countries.However, there are differences between unquestionable and developing countries more or less milk in developing countries is windlessness produced in a small scale system with little or no mechanization or new scientific innova tions, although large-scale units can be portion in like manner in developing countries. The certain growth pole of milk merchandise in the developing countries has been in the south Asia, which has seen constant and sustained growth in takings. Today, India whole is responsible for al just about a 3rd of developing country achievement and 16% of planetary performance.Latin America and the Caribbean is the second-largest regional producer, but with doing having expanded at a s swallow rate than in South Asia. collectible east and Southeast Asia, and particularly China, has seen output grow at an extremely rapid pace over the past decade, but the regions output signal levels are still far misfortunate of those of South Asia and Latin America. To summarize, the major milk intersection regions are * South Asia 23 share of planetary intersection, mainly India and Pakistan. * EU-25 21 personaage, mainly Germany and France. * USA 12 percent. * CIS 10 percent, mainly the Russian Federation and Ukraine.* Latin America 10 percent, mainly Argentina, brazil-nut tree, Colombia and Mexico. * eastern nearly and Southeast Asia 8 percent, mainly China and Japan. * Africa 5 percent ? the largest milk-producing countries are Egypt, Kenya, South Africa and Sudan. * Oceania 4 percent. * Near and Middle East 4 percent, mainly Iran and Tur refer. Production of the turn over five countries Cow milk dominates global commercial production in 2011 FAO estimates that 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows. United States is the biggest cow milk producer, distinguishing for 14. 6% of world production, followed by India and China.For the last cubic decimeter years, the dairy sector in most developed countries has shifted towards bigger ruck surface and importantly higher annual milk production per cow. According to the International committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) the herd size in developed countries in the stay between 2001 and 2007 we nt from 74 to 99 cows per herd in 17 countries screen Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. However, there is a large variation among countries, ranging from 19 cows per herd in Norway to 337 on average in newfound Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period change magnitude from 7,726 to 8,550 kg per recorded cow in these countries.The highest average production was obtained in Israel, amounting to 12,546 kg per cow, and the lowest in sassy Zealand with 3,974 kg per cow. This reflects different production systems. The system in bare-assed Zealand is based on all year grazing in pipeline to Israel, where the system is based on in barn feeding with energy-rich core immix rations. PRODUCTION OUTLOOK FOR NEXT old age World milk production in 2012 is hope to grow by 2. 7 percent to 750 million oodles. Asia is anticipate to account for most of the increase, with output in India forecast to rise by 5. 2 million hemorrhoid to 12.7 million tons. slashing interior( prenominal) demand is the main locomotive engine stimulating growth, as India is largely rattlebrained from the international food market for dairy products. An change magnitude output is also evaluate in China, Pakistan and Turkey as the demand continues to increase. broad(prenominal) rate of growth in production are pass judgment in revolutionary Zealand and Australia as well, in ordering of 9% and 4% respectively. In the European Union the growth in milk output is pass judgment to moderate in 201213 in response to lower lucrativeness but production is projected to increase over the medium term. While the EU milk quota testamentincrease by 1 per cent a year through to 201314 before go off removal of quotas from 1 April 2015, the quotas are unconvincing to be a binding reserve on production. Over the past 2 years EU milk production was 6 to 7 per cent under the overall quota and production is expected to rest at a lower place quota until 201415. For what concern the heap of milk, Asia pass on continue to be the main market, with special demand expected to come from countries much(prenominal) as China. Elsewhere, imports by Egypt may also grow, as could by Mexico and Venezuela. However, imports by Brazil may decrease, due to rising domestic milk production.Great increase in availabilities from pasture-based production in Argentina, recent Zealand and Uruguay could experience their exports to rise by 12,8 and 5 percent respectively. The other principal concern countries as Australia, Belarus, the EU and the United States are anticipate to maintain their sales levels. INTERNATIONAL profession OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS Global raft in dairy products has increased significantly in value and playscript footing over the last decades. Between 1980 and 2008, the vividness of gibe dairy exports (expressed in milk equivalents) more than doubled, from 41. 7 million tons to 92. 2.Also the share in flock name of production that enters int ernational administer increased, from 8. 5 percent to 12. 6 percent for dairy products, (whit an annual growth in exports of 2. 9%), reflecting the increasing degree of bleakness to apportion of the sector and influenced by dangerous use of export subsidies, which supported shipments of developed countries dairy exports. However, due to the non-durable nature of dairy products, the share of output that is traded internationally still remains relatively low. The major part of dairy products are consumed within the country of production and do not be traded.In fact a virtually countries have a milk- unornamented (Argentina, Australia, saucily Zealand, USA, Uruguay, countries of the EU and Eastern Europe while in most regions imports exceed exports, standardized in Algeria, China, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia. It is estimated that only nigh 6% of milk is traded across borders. Milk is mainly traded in the form of butter, milk demolish and cheese, but also as sur d milk, casein and butter oils. The EU and unsanded Zealand are the biggest exporters of dairy products major importers include China, Mexico, Japan, Algeria, Russia, Philippines and Saudi-Arabian Arabia.Producer prices for milk differ significantly around the world Latin America, South Asia and naked Zealand are low greet producers countries such as the EU and US are high cost producers like Switzerland, Norway and Canada. Over 90% of milk production in New Zealand is exported, and therefore milk prices in New Zealand pull up stakes a good indication of the prices on the world market. Traditionally, the milk price in New Zealand was about half the European milk price even if today EU milk prices are not that much higher up the New Zealand benchmark.International dairy trade pattern has traditionally been peaceful of exports from developed countries (EU, New Zealand, Australia, USA) to developing countries (China, Mexico, Algeria, Russia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia). New Zeal and exports mainly to Asia, while EU exports mainly to Russia, North Africa and the Middle East. Although milk production is growing rapidly in many developing countries, so is domestic demand thusly only a few developing countries, probably in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil) are expected to become significant exporters of dairy products in the near future.TOP EXPORTERS Oceania New Zealand and Australia (Oceania) movement on the international dairy markets has increased considerably after the elimination of domestic support and deregulation, but also after reduced market participation of some traditional exporters (notably from the EU). The global export market share of Oceania has risen from 20% in the 1980s to more than 40% today. The region has become an important driver of global dairy markets. NEW ZEALAND.In New Zealand the production of milk has been constantly aggrandizement until 17,895 tons in 2011. New Zealand produces about 2% of intact world production at around 16 trillion liters every year (New Zealand dairy production has risen 77% over the past 20 years) but, unlike most other countries, around 95% of its dairy production is exported rather than consumed by the domestic market. New Zealand is the major exporter of butter, with almost 44% of global exports and the major overall net exporter of dairy products whit a share of 35% of total trade.New Zealand is also an important exporter of skim and whole milk gun mills, modify about 27% and 38%, respectively, of world trade. New Zealand dairy exports go to 151 countries the key markets are China, the US, Japan and the EU. Production of milk, New Zealand New Zealands key export destinations AUSTRALIA Over the past two decades Australian milk production has been well above that volume required for domestic consumption, so that a significant property is ordain for export markets. The share of total production exported has ranged from 40% to 60%.In the last 3 years Australia exported around 45% of its milk production which is the lowest proportion since the mid-1990s so although Australia accounts for an estimated 2% of the worlds milk production, ranks third in toll of world dairy trade, with a 10% share, behind the European Union and New Zealand. Japan is the single most important export market for Australia, accounting for 19% of exports by value. Australian exports are concentrated in Asia, which represented 72% of the total dairy exports value of A$2. 4 billion in 2009/10.Australias trespass five export markets by volume in 2009/10 were Japan, Singapore, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. The fastest growing export market for Australia has been China. Production of milk, Australia European UNION European union accounts for 32% on the total trade of dairy products. The largest dairy products manufacturing sectors in terms of value added generated in 2006 were found in France (EUR 3. 2 billion), Germany (EUR 2. 6 billion) and Italy (EUR 2. 5 billion) together t hese triad States contributed almost half (48. 1 %) of the EU-27s value added.The dairy products manufacturing sectors of the United Kingdom and Spain were also relatively large they accounted for a combined 18. 4 % of EU-27 output in 2005. Output grew at a hot rate than the EU-27 average in the three largest dairy producing countries during the ten-year period through to 2007. The strongest rates of growth, however, were recorded for Poland (on average rising by 4. 5 % per year) and Latvia (3. 0 % per year). Main trading partners of EU exports UNITED STATES The U. S. dairy constancy is the sixth largest in the world in terms of milk production and represents more than 10% of the total world milk production in 2010.In terms of trade, around 13 percent of U. S. milk production was sold overseas in 2010. The total production is 193 billion pounds. In 2010, U. S. exports of cheese, total whey products, lactose and other dairy products were valued at $3. 71 billion, up 63 percent fro m the previous year. Export volume totaled 3. 04 billion pounds of U. S. U. S. dairy imports increased 2 percent in 2010 to $2. 60 billion. On a volume (total solids) basis, imports were the lowest since 1997. Export volume was more than four dates the level of imports. Mexico, Southeast Asia and Canada are the main destinations for U.S. dairy products. In 2010, 12. 8% of U. S. milk production was sold overseas. On the other hand, New Zealand, Canada and Italy are the top three countries change dairy products to the U. S. IMPORTERS Value of dairy products imports worldwide Major dairy products importers CHINA China has become a significant importer since 2009 for physical exertion it accounts for around 25% of world trade in whole milk powder (2011). This increase in imports has been driven by strong growth in domestic demand for dairy products and consumer concerns about the guard of domestically produced.Over the medium-term, China is expected to remain a significant importer of dairy products with a projected rise in milk production unpotential to match the expected growth in domestic demand. Chinese milk production has partially recovered since 2008 and is forecast to rise by 5% in 2012 to around 32. 2 million tons. While New Zealand is expected to remain the largest exporter of milk powders to China, the United States has the capableness to expand its exports of skim milk powder to this market over the medium-term. China is likely to remain an important market for Australian exports of whole milk powder and cheese.RUSSIA Russia is expected to remain a significant importer of dairy products with further growth in domestic demand and control increases in milk production. In 2011 Russia trade 130 000 tons of butter and 315 000 tons of cheese. TRADE POLICIES genuine countries have tended to protect and subsidize uncouth producers through various trade and farming(a) policy instruments. Milk has been no exception and has indeed been one of the agricu ltural product which has seen the highest level of subsidies and trade protection, measured by the nominal rate of assistance (NRA).The NRA is an indicator that measures the percentage by which regime policies have raised gross returns to farmers above what they would have been without government activity intervention. TRADE POLICIES (IMPORT) Many countries introduced measures to limit dairy imports. Brazil in 2004 decided to stock for an indefinite time the minimum export price requirement for imports from Argentina and Uruguay which was put in place in 2001. The extension was supported by Brazilian milk producers and opposed by the dairy industries of Argentina and Uruguay.In 2002, Colombia introduced a ban on imports of milk powder that was continued until April 2004. The government is following a policy of prohibiting imports and advance exports to support the national dairy sector. In recent years, difficulties have arisen with trade in milk powder with Venezuela which i s a traditional market for Colombia. TRADE POLICIES (EXPORT) Following the fleet in international prices from 2001, a look of countries raised subsidies on exports, in order to allow their domestic industries to compete on the world market.In the case of the EU and the United States, subsidies rose significantly during most of 2002. Towards the end 2002 and for 2003, the level of export subsidies by the United States fell as international prices rose. In the EU, export subsidies remained high principally as a result of taste of the Euro. BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS Australia and Thailand finalized a Free Trade Agreement in 2005 which cut tariffs for Australian dairy products. The commensurateness maintains restricted quota entry for dairy products but progressive introduction to Australian exports are allow over a 20 years period.United States concluded exculpate-trade agreements with several Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Ho nduras and Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic. The countries involved go forth gain great devil to the US market, while many US exports lead receive occupation free treatment. Chile has sign a summate of bi-lateral free trade agreements which include market access quotas for dairy products. These were signed with the United States, the European Union, and the Korean Republic. The agreements result for annually increasing duty-free quota access and progressively reduced duties on out-of-quota exports.Russia and New Zealand signed a bilateral trade agreement in 2003. The agreement sets level best levels for tariffs on dairy imports and provides security for New Zealands dairy access should Russia pith the WTO. POLITICAL ISSUE THE EU dairy REGIME Milk production comprises around 13% of the EUs total agricultural production. The EUs export surplus is small, around 5% of total production but accounts for around troika of total world exports. The EU milk price is supported through high tariffs and export subsidies.High tariffs mean that the EU market for dairy products is effectively shut to imports from third countries. Reliance on export subsidies has been reduced in recent years as world market prices for dairy products have firmed and the EU specializes more in the export of higher-value cheese. However, they were temporarily re-introduced in 2009 as a mechanism to support milk prices in response to the very low prices in that year. Since 1984, the volume of milk produced in the EU has been limited by a quota although in recent years EU production has been below the quota ceiling. This quota arrangement is due to be eliminated from 2015.Simulations of the consequences of liberalizing the EU dairy market have been complicated by the synchronous existence of high supported prices (which relieve oneself production) and the quota policy (which limits production). Some studies concluded that EU liberalization (defined as eliminating both protection a nd quotas) would result in increased EU production and net exports others find that the cautionary effect of import tariffs outweighs the supply-constraining effect of quotas and that sound liberalization would result in lower EU production and net exports.It seems outright that the two policy changes go forth not occur simultaneously. The decision to abolish quotas from 2015 is at once an EU commitment, while tariff changes will not happen now. The most recent simulation study of quota abolition for the Commission, estimates that it will lead to an increase of milk production of 4-5%, with a consequent fall in internal EU prices of around 10% (IPTS 2009). Other observers note that many particle States no longer are woof their quotas.With lower internal prices and demand growth within the EU, they expect quota abolition in 2015 to have only a limited impact on EU milk supply (OECD/FAO 2010). Quota elimination without reducing or removing the protective effect of EU tariffs mea ns that EU dairy production will be higher, and consumption of dairy products lower. This will amplify the EU milk surplus and depress the level of EU imports, and thus depress world market prices below the level they would otherwise be.EU high value cheese exports have a global market, but milk powder exports are sold mainly to developing countries (North Africa, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa). In many African countries, EU disceptation has been criticized for undermining dairy development.Imports of milk powder were seen as responsible for the failed attempts to establish dairy plants to provide the national market with milk, butter and other basic products. On the other hand someone says that EU imports increase the availableness of dairy products and benefit consumers who might not otherwise be able to access to dairy products. In many African countries domestic supply cannot satisfy the growing domestic demand.Products based on import milk powder often luff a different m arket atom to that served by the topical anaesthetic informal dairy sector. Processing plants built initially to administer imported powder can also act as a remark to the development of a local dairy industry. The truth might between these two opinions given the actual local production and the low purchasing power of people, imported milk and dairy products are in the short term the only affirmable way to provide populations request. High costs of production and incompetent marketing channels make local fresh milk more pricy than imported one.At the same time the existence of cheap dairy imports discourages touch on plants from investing in local milk collection. By only reducing EU dairy exports to Africa African dairy production would not be immediately free because there are an increasing number of other low-cost exporters ready to enter the market. However, the availability of EU surplus powder milk on the world market remains unfair competition, limiting the growth of the dairy sector in developing countries and undermining the incentives for farmers to boost local production to slip away track with the growing demand.SOURCES * http//www. fao. org/index_en. htm * http//faostat3. fao. org/home/index. hypertext markup language * http//www. usda. gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome * http//www. clal. it/en/ * http//www. ifcnnetwork. org/en/start/index. php * http//www. globaldairytrade. info/Home. aspx * http//www. milkproduction. com/ * http//www. dairyco. org. uk/ * http//www. dairynz. co. nz/page/pageid/2145859475/International_Visitors * http//www. euromilk. org/eda/index. aspx * http//www. dairyaustralia. com. au/ *.